MSUD (maple syrup urine disease)
AMINO ACID DISORDER
Disorder name: Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Acronym: MSUD Type 1A
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- What is MSUD?
- What causes MSUD?
- If MSUD is not treated, what problems occur?
- What is the treatment for MSUD?
- What happens when MSUD is treated?
- What causes the BCKAD enzymes to be absent or not working correctly?
- How is MSUD inherited?
- Is genetic testing available?
- What other testing is available?
- Can you test during a future pregnancy?
- Can other members of the family have MSUD or be carriers?
- Can other family members be tested?
- How many people have MSUD?
- Does MSUD happen more often in a certain ethnic group?
- Does MSUD go by any other names?
- Where can I find more information?
This fact sheet has information about MSUD. Every child is different and some of these facts may not apply to your child specifically. Certain treatments may be recommended for some children but not others. All children with MSUD should be followed by a metabolic doctor in addition to their primary doctor.
WHAT IS MSUD?
MSUD stands for “maple syrup urine disease.” It is named for the sweet maple syrup smell of the urine in untreated babies. This condition is one type of amino acid disorder. People with MSUD have problems breaking down certain amino acids found in proteinA molecule that makes up many parts of every cell in the body. Examples of proteins include hormones, enzymes, hair, and antibodies. Proteins are made up of 20 different types of individual units called amino acids. It is the order of these amino acids in a protein that determines what form and function a protein has. Each gene holds the instructions for making a single protein..
Amino Acid Disorders: Amino acid disorders (AAs)These are a group of rare inherited conditions. People with amino acid disorders cannot digest particular amino acids – the building blocks of protein. These amino acids, along with other toxic substances, build up in the body. This can cause serious effects on health, growth, and learning. are a group of rare inheritedAcquiring a trait from one’s parents. Most traits, such as eye color or hair color, are inherited from a parent through genes. conditions. They are caused by enzymesA molecule that helps chemical reactions take place. For example, enzymes in the stomach speed up the process of breaking down food. Each enzyme can participate in many chemical reactions without changing or being used up. that do not work properly. Protein is made up of smaller building blocks called amino acidsAmino acids are small molecules that make up proteins. There are over 100 different amino acids, but our body uses only 20 amino acids to make all of its proteins. Our genes determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein. This sequence determines what shape the protein takes, and what function that protein serves in the body.. A number of different enzymes are needed to process these amino acids for use by the body. Because of missing or non-working enzymes, people with amino acid disorders cannot process certain amino acids. These amino acids, along with other toxic substances, then build up in the body and cause problems. The symptoms and treatment vary between different amino acid disorders. They can also vary from person to person with the same amino acid disorder. See the fact sheets for each specific amino acid disorder.Amino acid disorders are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and affect both males and females. |
WHAT CAUSES MSUD?
In order for the body to use protein from the food we eat, it is broken down into smaller parts called amino acids. Special enzymes then make changes to the amino acids so the body can use them.
Classic MSUD, the most common form, is caused by the absence of a group of enzymes called “branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase” (BCKAD). The job of this enzyme group is to break down three different amino acids called leucineThis is one of 20 amino acids that make up protein. It is not made by the body and must be eaten in the diet. It is found in all foods that contain protein., isoleucineThis is one of 20 amino acids that make up protein. It is not made by the body and must be eaten in the diet. It is found in all foods that contain protein., and valineThis is one of 20 amino acids that make up protein. It is not made by the body and must be eaten in the diet. It is found in all foods that contain protein.. When they cannot be broken down, these amino acids build up in the blood and cause problems.
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are called “branched-chain amino acids” (BCAAsThese are amino acids that have a chemical structure that looks like branches on a tree. Leucine (leu), valine (val), and isoleucine (ile) are three of the BCAAs. They are found in all foods that contain protein. Large amounts are found in meat, eggs, milk, and other dairy foods. Smaller amounts are found in flour, cereal, and in some vegetables and fruits.) because of their “tree-like” structure. They are found in all foods that contain protein. Large amounts are found in meat, eggs, milk, and other dairy foods. Smaller amounts are found in flour, cereal, and in some vegetables and fruits.
IF MSUD IS NOT TREATED, WHAT PROBLEMS OCCUR?
There are a number of different types of MSUD. The most common type, “classic MSUD,” can be life-threatening and must be treated promptly to prevent serious health problems. Other types, including ‘intermediate’ and ‘intermittent’ forms of MSUD, are less severe. These milder types are less common. This fact sheet contains information on classic MSUD.
Classic MSUD
Symptoms start as soon as a baby is fed protein, usually shortly after birth. Some of the first symptoms are:
- poor appetite
- weak suck
- weight loss
- high-pitched cry
- urine that smells like maple syrup or burnt sugar
Babies with MSUD have episodes of illness called metabolic crisisThis is a serious health condition caused by low blood sugar and the build-up of toxic substances in the blood. Symptoms of a metabolic crisis are poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, extreme sleepiness, irritable mood and behavior changes. If not treated, breathing problems, seizures, coma, and sometimes even death can occur.Metabolic crises happen more often in people with certain metabolic disorders (some fatty acid oxidation disorders, amino acid disorders, and organic acid disorders). They are often triggered by things like illness or infection, going without food for a long time, and, in some cases, heavy exercise.. Some of the first symptoms of a metabolic crisis are:
- extreme sleepiness
- sluggishness
- irritable mood
- vomiting
If not treated, other symptoms can follow:
- episodes where muscle toneIn order to hold our posture and control our movements, a certain amount of tension is needed in our muscles. This tension is called “muscle tone.” People with hypotonia have too little tension in their muscles and appear “floppy.” People with hypertonia have too much tension in their muscles and have problems with tight, rigid muscles and joints. alternates between being rigid and floppy
- swelling of the brain
- seizuresThese are also called "convulsions" or "fits." During a seizure, a person loses consciousness and control of his or her muscles. It may also cause involuntary movements. Seizures can happen for many reasons. Some causes are metabolic disorders, a metabolic crisis, brain injury, and infection.
- high levels of acidic substances in the blood, called metabolic acidosisThis happens when acidic substances build up in the blood. It can cause rapid breathing, confusion, and extreme sleepiness. If not treated, it may lead to shock, coma or death.
- comaThis is a sleep-like condition from which a person cannot be awakened. People in a coma are unconscious. A coma can be caused by many things. Two causes are untreated low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and a metabolic crisis., sometimes leading to death
Symptoms of a metabolic crisis often happen:
- after going too long without food
- during illness or infection
- during stressful events such as surgery
Without treatment, brain damage can occur. This can cause intellectual disabilities or spasticityThis is rigidity of the muscles and increased reflexes. It is caused by increased muscle tone. It results in abnormal tightness or stiffness of the muscles and joints.. Some babies become blind. If not treated, most babies with classic MSUD die within a few months
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR MSUD?
Your baby’s doctor will work with a metabolic doctorThis is a doctor or medical geneticist who has special training in diagnosing and treating metabolic disorders. They often work in university hospitals or large medical centers. and dietician to care for your child.
Prompt treatment is needed to prevent intellectual disabilities and serious medical problems. Most children need to eat a very low-protein diet and drink a special medical formula. You should start the diet and the formula as soon as you know your child has MSUD. Your dieticianThis is a person with special training in food and nutrition. A registered dietician (RD) has met the necessary educational requirements and has passed a national examination. If your child has a metabolic disorder, it is important for you to work with a registered dietician. They help create healthy food plans for people with metabolic disorders or other special needs. can create a food plan that contains the right amount of protein, nutrients, and energy to keep your child healthy.
The following are treatments often recommended for children with MSUD:
1. Medical Formula
In addition to a low-protein diet, children are often given a special medical formula as a substitute for milk. This formula gives them the nutrients and protein they need while helping to keep their BCAA levels in a safe range.
Your metabolic doctor and dietician will tell you what type of formula is best and how much to use.
2. Diet low in branched-chain amino acids
The diet is made up of foods that are very low in the BCAAs which are found in protein. This means your child will need to avoid foods that are high in protein such as cow’s milk, regular formula, meat, fish, cheese and eggs. Regular flour, dried beans, nuts, and peanut butter also have BCAAs and must be avoided or strictly limited.
Many vegetables and fruits have only small amounts of the BCAAs and can be eaten in carefully measured amounts.
There are other medical foods such as special low-protein flours, pastas, and rice that are made especially for people with MSUD. Some states offer help with payment for these medical foods and others require private insurance coverage for medical formula and other special medical foods.
Your metabolic doctor and dietician will decide on the best food plan for your child. The exact plan will depend on many things such as your child’s age, weight, and general health. Your dietician will fine-tune the diet over time. Any diet changes should be made under the guidance of a dietician.
Lifelong treatment with the MSUD diet is necessary. Children are at risk for episodes of metabolic crisis when they don’t follow the diet.
3. Supplements
Children with a rare type of MSUD, called “thiamine-responsive MSUD,” can often be helped by thiamine supplements. Some children with classic MSUD may also benefit from thiamineThis is one type of B vitamin. Thiamine is found in grains, pork, beans, seeds and nuts. It plays a key role in changing food into energy.. Ask your doctor whether your child should take thiamine supplements. Do not use any supplements without checking with your doctor.
4. TrackingThe process of testing a disease for a person who does not appear to have the disease (non-symptomatic or asymptomatic). The goal of tracking is to find the disease in its earliest stages. BCAA levels
Your child will have regular blood tests to measure amino acid levels. The diet and formula may need to be adjusted based on blood test results.
5. Call your doctor at the start of any illness
For children with MSUD, even minor illness can cause a metabolic crisis. In order to prevent problems, call your doctor right away when your child has any of the following:
- poor appetite
- low energy or extreme sleepiness
- vomiting
- an infection or illness
- a fever
- behavior or personality changes
- difficulty walking or balance problems
Children with MSUD need to eat more carbohydrates and drink more fluids during any illness – even if they’re not hungry – or they could have a metabolic crisis. Children who are sick may not want to eat. If they can’t eat, or if they show signs of a metabolic crisis, they may need to be treated in the hospital.
Ask your metabolic doctor if you should carry a special travel letter with medical instructions for your child’s care.
6. Liver transplantation
Liver transplant surgery is an optional treatment for people with MSUD. The BCKAD enzyme that causes MSUD is located in the liver. Because of this, some children with MSUD have had liver transplantation surgery (removal of their liver and replacement with a donor liver) to treat their MSUD symptoms.
Liver transplantation is a major surgical procedure and has some risks. Individuals who have had a liver transplant must take medication for the rest of their lives to prevent their body from rejecting the donor liver. However, successful liver transplantation cures people of their MSUD symptoms.
Many factors must be considered before surgery and this option should be discussed very thoroughly with your child’s physicians.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN MSUD IS TREATED?
With prompt and lifelong treatment, children with MSUD often have healthy lives with typical growth and development. Early treatment can help prevent brain damage and intellectual disabilities.
However, children with MSUD are at increased risk to have attention deficit hyperactivityThis refers to children who are unusually overactive. These children have serious problems sitting still. They tend to fidget and run around much more than usual. Some children with hyperactivity need treatment. They may be helped by behavior treatment, medication or both of these therapies. disorder (ADHD), anxiety and depression even if they have had a liver transplant. The reasons for this are not well understood at this time.
Even with treatment, some children still develop swelling of the brain or have episodes of metabolic crisis. Children who have repeated metabolic crises may develop permanent brain damage. This can cause lifelong learning problems, intellectual disabilities, or spasticity.
WHAT CAUSES THE BCKAD ENZYMES TO BE ABSENT OR NOT WORKING CORRECTLY?
Genes tell the body to make various enzymes. There are three genesA segment of DNA that contains the instructions to make a specific protein (or part of a protein). Genes are contained on chromosomes. Chromosomes, and the genes on those chromosomes, are passed on from parent to child. Errors in the DNA that make up a gene are called variants and can lead to diseases. that can cause MSUD – BCKDHA, BCKDHB, and DBT. Every person has two copies of each of these genes. People with MSUD have variants(changes) in both of their copies of one of these genes. Because of these genetic variantsA variant is a change or alteration in a person’s DNA sequence. Variants can happen in genes and affect how the gene functions. There are different types of variants – they can be non-problem causing (benign), disease-causing (pathogenic) or of unknown significance. The term variants is now used in place of the term mutation., the BCKAD enzymes do not work properly or are not made at all.
HOW IS MSUD INHERITED?
MSUD is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It affects both boys and girls equally.
In children with MSUD, both copies of a gene needed to make the BCKAD enzymes is not working correctly. These children inherit one non-working gene for MSUD from each parent.
Parents of children with MSUD rarely have the condition themselves. Instead, each parent has a single non-working gene for MSUD. They are called carriersA person who has one copy of a gene mutation for a particular autosomal recessive disorder (remember genes come in pairs). Carriers are not affected by the disorder. However, they can pass on the gene variant to their children. Children who inherit two such gene variants will be affected by the disorder. The term variants is now used in place of the term mutation.. Carriers do not have MSUD because their other copy of this gene is working correctly.
When both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance in each pregnancy for the child to have MSUD. There is a 50% chance for the child to be a carrier, just like the parents. And, there is a 25% chance for the child to have two working genes.

GeneticRelating to (or due to) genes and heredity or the field of studying genes and heredity. counseling is available to families who have children with MSUD. Genetic counselors can answer your questions about how the condition is inherited, choices during future pregnancies, and how to test other family members. Ask your doctor about a referral to a genetic counselorThese are health care providers who have special training in genetic conditions. They help families understand genetic disorders and how they are passed down. Genetic counselors offer information and support to people who have genetic conditions in their families or are concerned that they may have a child with an inherited disorder..
IS GENETIC TESTING AVAILABLE?
Genetic testing for MSUD can be done on a blood sample. Genetic testing, also called DNA testing, looks for changes, also called variants, in the genes that causes MSUD.
DNADeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule found in the chromosomes that carries genetic information. DNA is composed of four units (called bases) that are designated A, T, G, and C. The sequence of the bases spell out instructions for making all of the proteins needed by an organism. A gene is a section of DNA that holds the instructions for a specific protein. A change in one or more of the DNA bases making up a gene is called a mutation. Some mutations change the protein instructions and can lead to particular health problems or disorders. Each parent passes half of their chromosomes, and thus half of their DNA instructions, onto their children. It is these instructions that cause certain traits, such as eye or hair color, to be inherited. testing is not necessary to diagnose your child. It can be helpful for carrier testing or prenatal testing, discussed below.
WHAT OTHER TESTING IS AVAILABLE?
MSUD can be confirmed by measuring the amount of the branched chain amino acids in a blood sample. It can also be diagnosed by an enzyme test using a blood or skin sample. Talk to your doctor or genetic counselor if you have questions about testing for MSUD.
CAN YOU TEST DURING A FUTURE PREGNANCY?
If both gene changes (variants) have been found in your child, DNA testing can be done during future pregnancies. The sample needed for this test is obtained by either CVS or amniocentesisThis is a test done during pregnancy. A needle is used to remove a small sample of fluid from the sac around the fetus. The sample can be used to test for certain genetic disorders in the fetus. Amniocentesis to test for genetic conditions is usually done between 13 and 20 weeks of pregnancy..
If DNA testing would not be helpful, an enzyme test can be done on cellsThe smallest living unit. Cells make up all organs and tissues in multi-cellular organisms, like humans. They can also live independently, as in bacteria and other microorganisms. At a minimum, a cell is surrounded by a membrane, contains DNA at some stage in its life, and is able to replicate itself into two equal parts. from the fetus. Again, the sample needed for this test is obtained by either CVSThis is a special test done early in pregnancy. During CVS, a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing. This sample can be used to test for certain genetic disorders in the fetus. CVS is usually done between 10 and 12 weeks of pregnancy. or amniocentesis.
Parents may choose to have testing during pregnancy or wait until birth to have the baby tested. Parents may also choose to use assisted reproductive techniques to decrease the chance that their future children would have MSUD. A genetic counselor can talk to you about your choices and answer questions about prenatal testing or testing your baby after birth.
CAN OTHER MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY HAVE MSUD OR BE CARRIERS?
Having MSUD
If they are healthy and growing normally, older brothers and sisters of a baby with MSUD are unlikely to have the condition. If you have questions about testing your other children, talk with your metabolic doctor or genetic counselor.
MSUD Carriers
Brothers and sisters who do not have MSUD still have a chance to be carriers like their parents. Except in special cases, carrier testing should only be done on people over 18 years of age.
If you are a parent of a child with MSUD, your brothers and sisters have a 50% chance to be a carrier. It is important for other family members to be told that they could be carriers. There is a small chance they are also at risk to have children with MSUD.
All states offer newborn screening for MSUD. However, when both parents are carriers, newborn screeningA screening test that looks for different disorders using a small sample of blood taken from a newborn’s heel. A positive or abnormal newborn screening result means that there are slight differences that were found in the baby’s blood, and further testing is needed to figure out if the baby has a metabolic disorder. results are not sufficient to rule out the condition in a newborn baby. In this case, special diagnostic testing should be done in addition to newborn screeningThe process of testing for disease in a person who does not show signs of having the disease (nonsymptomatic or asymptomatic person). The goal of screening is to catch the disease in its early stages.. It is very important that this testing be done shortly – ideally at 24 hours of age.
CAN OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS BE TESTED?
Diagnostic testing
If there is concern about whether they have the condition, diagnostic testing can be done on brothers or sisters to see if they also have this disorder. Talk to your metabolic doctor if you have questions about testing for MSUD.
Carrier testing
If both genetic variants have been found in your child, other family members can have DNA testing to see if they are carriers.
If DNA testing is not helpful, other methods of carrier testing may be available. If you have questions about carrier testing, ask your genetic counselor or metabolic doctor.
HOW MANY PEOPLE HAVE MSUD?
About one in every 200,000 babies in the United States is born with MSUD.
DOES MSUD HAPPEN MORE OFTEN IN A CERTAIN ETHNIC GROUP?
MSUD occurs in all ethnic groups. It is more common in Mennonite people in certain parts of the United States. In the U.S., about one in 380 babies of Mennonite background is born with MSUD. It is also more common in people of French-Canadian ancestry.
DOES MSUD GO BY ANY OTHER NAMES?
MSUD is sometimes also called:
- branched chain ketoaciduria
- branched chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase deficiency
- BDKD deficiency
- Maple Syrup Disease
- Branched Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase deficiency
- BCKD deficiency
There are a number of other forms of MSUD that are less common than the classic type. These other forms are not discussed in this fact sheet.
- Intermittent branched-chain ketoaciduria
- Intermediate branched-chain ketoaciduria
- Thiamine responsive MSUD
- MSUD Type 1B
- MSUD Type II
WHERE CAN I FIND MORE INFORMATION?
The MSUD Family Support Group
http://www.msud-support.org/
Metabolic Support UK
https://www.metabolicsupportuk.org
Genetic Alliance
http://www.geneticalliance.org
Baby’s First Test
http://www.babysfirsttest.org
MedlinePlus
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/maple-syrup-urine-disease/
DOCUMENT INFO:
Created by: | www.newbornscreening.info |
Reviewed by: | HI, CA, OR, and WA metabolic specialists |
Review date: | September 31, 2007 October 5, 2010 May 24, 2013 March 1, 2023 |
Update on: | March 1, 2023 |
DISCLAIMER:
THIS INFORMATION DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. All content (“Content”), including text, graphics, images and information are for general informational purposes only. You are encouraged to confer with your doctor or other health care professional with regard to information contained on this information sheet. After reading this information sheet, you are encouraged to review the information carefully with your doctor or other healthcare provider. The Content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. NEVER DISREGARD PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ADVICE, OR DELAY IN SEEKING IT, BECAUSE OF SOMETHING YOU HAVE READ ON THIS INFORMATION SHEET. This project is supported by a grant from the MaternalHaving to do with the mother. and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Service Administration, Genetic Services Branch, MCH Project #:UH7MC30774-01-00 http://mchb.hrsa.gov